Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Does Cosmetic Surgery Always Have A Positive Outcome

Does cosmetic surgery always have a positive outcome? Cosmetic surgery has become such a worldwide trend. Most often, those who are seeking to alter their appearance believe they will feel better about themselves if they change the one thing they don’t like about their appearance. More often than not, it’s not just one thing people would like to change about themselves, there is many parts of their body they wish were thinner, more toned, refined, etc. After cosmetic surgery, I don’t think everyone who has something done is happy with the outcome. Even those who are happy might only be feeling instant gratification from the drastic change which occurred and might feel the need to have more procedures done. A large part of today’s society is very impressionable. With the media and social media at every corner, from supermarket shelves to your very own phone, the media has a way of influencing how we live our daily lives. Amongst everyone teenagers I think are most influenced by others when they make choices, â€Å"things such as not being part of the popular crowd, changes in financial situation and divorce can negatively affect a teenager’s self esteem.† and â€Å"[t]herefore, it is important to determine whether or not these patients are requesting surgery to satisfy their own interest or to meet the expectations of someone else, for example a parent or boyfriend† ( Singh Kuldeep, n.pag.). Another group which is easily influences is young women, â€Å"aged 19-29† (Kuldeep, n.pag.).Show MoreRelatedCosmetic Surgery : An Accidental Of Popularity1422 Words   |  6 Pagesfeatures a person may have in life. Mainly because being attractive can help with a lmost anything. People look more highly at you and even respect you more than a person who isn’t attractive. One of the main emphases on a person’s attractiveness is their face. â€Å"Facial attractiveness provides honest cues to health and mate value† (Barber, 1994). This is a major reason as to why many are turning to cosmetic surgery for assistance with their appearance. In the recent decades, cosmetic surgery has seen an explosionRead MoreThe Risks Of Psychiatric Screening1587 Words   |  7 Pagessome easy steps. They believe that the outcome of a surgery is dependent on a patient’s satisfaction and that a patient could avoid the risks by consulting their surgeons before the surgery. In order to decrease the risks, these psychologists suggest the patients to discuss the â€Å"risks, benefits, limitations and expected results for each procedure undertaken† with their surgeons (Ericksen and Billick para. 11). To be clear, in order to have a suc cessful surgery, the patients should know what they areRead MoreWhy Plastic Surgery Has Many Different Views On The Influences Of An Individual1537 Words   |  7 PagesPlastic surgery has many different views on the influences of an individual. The first view is the factors of how many individuals decided on having plastic surgery because the influences of the media or opinions of other people, which portrays the idea of self-image. But researchers believe that surgery doesn’t help to achieve this goal. Self-esteem is a major factor of why many women and men receive surgery. However the second view favors that before a person makes the major decides of havingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Plastic Surgery Essay723 Words   |  3 Pagespeople to undergo plastic surgery. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, plastic surgery was first used in India as early as 800 B.C. Not only does it enhance self-image but also self concept. Reconstructive ways has also bee n done nearly more to children than adults. Plastic surgerys categorized as either cosmetic or reconstructive surgery depending on the situation and image you want to portray but they both have their pros and cons. Cosmetic surgerys done mainly toRead MoreWhat Are Plastic Surgery?1676 Words   |  7 PagesWhen you hear the term â€Å"Plastic Surgery†, what comes to mind? For me, I think of a Barbie doll. An unrealistic image of the body, but still known to be the perfect doll. I think of the horror stories of botched surgeries. I think of insecurities and people attempting to correct their bodies. I also think of a different nose, Botox, injections, incisions, and scars. However, there are two different types of plastic surgery. There is cosmetic surgery, which is the term that people mostly associateRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Surgery On Today Society1483 Words   |  6 PagesPlastic surgery has been around for decade, but now it making a real impact on today society. Many experts believe that it’s the influence of the media or the influence of people around us, which portrays the idea of self-image. There are many views of where plastic surgery makes a big impact like adolescent to middle age years and the media. Self-esteem is major factor of why many women and men receive surgery, however some experts say that this procedure doesn’t boosts confidence, while othersRead MorePlastic Surgery And Its Effects On Society1363 Words   |  6 PagesAs of recent plastic surgery has become extremely popular, so popular to the point that it has gotten out of control. Although it has been around for many years, the high standards of beauty in today’s society has recently led both women and men to resolve their so-called imperfections with plastic surgery, making plastic surgery the new norm. Sadly, in this day and age all you see when turning on the TV, flipping through a magazine, or simply going on social media, is models creating an ideal imageRead MoreReality Television Program1229 Words   |  5 Pagestelevision somewhere else, they will possibly find a reality show somewhere. Reality television shows have been on television for num erous years and are changing. Although reality television is wildly entertaining and popular, many young teens and adults look up to their favorite reality show actors and their lavish lifestyles and overdramatic antics. People who watch reality television regularly have different expectations and views on how the world actually works and feel differently about themselvesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Uglies 1317 Words   |  6 Pagesapocalyptic world revolving around the perfectiveness of the human body and ones outward appearance. With all children receiving an extreme makeover surgery at age 16, the world is reconstructed to make every one â€Å"pretty†. Although this book was written in 2005, Scott Westerfield made this new world not too far from achievable today. With over 11 million cosmetic surgery procedures in 2013, the demand for perfection is on the rise. Society has a manipulated mindset as to what people should look like and howRead MoreCosmetic Surgery And Its Effects On People And Their Lives2046 Words   |  9 PagesTHE DEVIL IN COSMETIC SURGERY Nowadays, the physical beauty has been considered like a scale to evaluate and measure people, especially women. Everyone wants to have a perfect body as well as a beautiful face to attract the others. Some people try to get their beauty through makeup, exercise or diet, but some try to fix their appearance by the intervention of cosmetic surgeons. Thus, cosmetic surgery somehow has become the most popular procedure for people to improve their beauty. There is no doubt

Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The Florida Department Of Juvenile Justice - 2932 Words

I. Introduction The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice Office of Prevention and Victim Services provides voluntary youth crime prevention programs through the state of Florida. The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice mission is to increase public safety by reducing juvenile delinquency through operative prevention, intervention and treatment services that builds up families for a turn around of a brighter future of a troubled youth. The main functions of these programs as will be indicated in this paper are designed to reduce juvenile crime and protect public safety. These programs that will be stated main focused is to help those high-risk juveniles and those who display problem behaviors such as ungovernability, truancy, running away from home and other pre-delinquent behaviors. The state of Florida addresses these problems by contracting this delinquency programs prevention services and awarding grants to this local providers throughout the state of Florida. II. Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts The Juvenile Drug Court Program is one of the most accelerated outpatient option available to youth who are arrested and have been determined to have substance abuse issues. The parent/guardian and the youth have the option of consulting with the Public Defender’s assigned attorney to explore other legal options before accepting Juvenile Drug Court as part of their verdict. The Juvenile Drug Court provides services to juveniles who are thirteen to eighteen year of age andShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime Of The United States1389 Words   |  6 Pagesexplores some of the policies, options, and approaches that could be used by Florida to enhance crime control. While Florida is already utilizing some of the strategies explored in this report, some of these strategies do not provide effective results in crime control, while other are yet to be rolled out across the State. For instance, juvenile transfers would appear unsuccessful in preventing juvenile offenders from crime in Florida. Similarly, the concept of ILP is yet to be rolled out to others areasRead MoreCommunity Based And Residential Delinquency Program896 Words   |  4 Pageseighteen who are classified as dependent, truant, runaway, delinquent or in need of academic skills. PACE accepts referrals from the juvenile justice system, the Department of Children and Families, school personnel, community services agencies, parents, family members, friends and self-referrals. The main goal of PACE is to intervene and prevent school withdrawal, juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, substance abuse and welfare dependency in a safe and nurturing environment. Pace gives services suchRead MoreEssay on Restorative Action for Juvenile Justice Centers1039 Words   |  5 Pages Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law for a person not old enough to be held responsible for their criminal actions (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). In most states this kind of categorization is determined by age, set at eighteen years old. In general, juvenile law is governed by state law and most states have an individual juvenile code set in place that contributes to the number of youth in detention centers today (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). Despite the lowest youth crime rates in twenty years, accordingRead MoreFlorida’s Juvenile Justice Civil Citation Law2015 Words   |  9 Pagesstate of Florida has passed a new law pertaining to the Juvenile Justice System which gives the officer that makes first contact with the youth offender. The officer may, if the youth has no prior criminal acts and the offense is a non-violent or non-drug related offense, just file a civil citation. This happens to be a new program designed to address a youth’s behavior at th eir first encounter with the Juvenile Justice system providing an alternative to being arrested. Vital to the Department of JuvenileRead MoreThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words   |  4 PagesCourts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. This paper will discuss the role of the police, the courts and the Department of CorrectionsRead MoreJuvenile Justice Systems And The Adult Justice System1049 Words   |  5 Pagescommon knowledge that the juvenile justice system and the regular adult justice system have differing regulations. Juveniles have different trial proceedings and rights than adult offenders because juveniles are minors and are still considered their parent s or the state’s responsibility. Minors are not seen as able to make important decisions regarding anything, like medical care, so it is logical that they are treated differently from the adults in the criminal justice system, from arrest to punishmentRead MoreCRJ 180 WEEK SEVEN Essay1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ COMBATING JUVENILE DELINQUENCY GINA BUFFALOE CRJ 180/STRAYER UNIVERSITY DR. CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014    COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adultsRead MoreEssay On High Risk Community780 Words   |  4 Pagessolution (Hirth, D.) Outcomes: According to David Shern, dean of the Florida Mental Health Institute at the University of South Florida and chairman of the Florida Commission on Mental Health and Substance Abuse, says â€Å"the new program holds great promise as has been very effective in the reduction of High Risk Youths and their productivity in society†. This program was proven beneficial in the reduction of High Risk Youths in Florida (Hirth, D.) Stakeholders Assessment / Environmental Scan: There areRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The Juvenile Justice System2790 Words   |  12 PagesThe Juvenile Justice System was created as a separate network from the Criminal Justice System so that juveniles could be treated differently from adults but still be held accountable for their crimes. This system takes more of a rehabilitative approach to help the juvenile offenders rather than to simply punish them because the goal is to keep the youth on the right path and prevent them from becoming lifelong criminals. While the goal remains the same, different states have different laws in placeRead MoreJuvenile Justice Facilities : Protecting The Health And Wellness Of Our Youngest Inmates1370 Words   |  6 PagesPREA Mandates in Juvenile Justice Facilities: Protecting the Health and Wellness of our Youngest Inmates Jennifer Hulvat Kaplan University, J.D. Full Time Faculty March, 2015 The month of April brings a change of seasons around the country, and a new focus issue to the table; Health and Wellness. In the area of Juvenile Corrections, we might take this opportunity to revisit a topic I wrote about in February, â€Å"Incarcerated Youth at Risk: Is Your Facility Doing Enough to Avoid Liability?† Ultimately

Monday, December 23, 2019

Jean Piaget And Erik Erikson Essay - 1187 Words

Currently, teachers still are using theorists work when dealing with children in a school setting. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson were great Theorists, that works help us understand children’s thought processes and skill sets. Teachers are interacting with their students based on developmental and skill age-appropriateness, while incorporating foundations of theorist teachings. A child-theorist’s research can provide an understanding of how and why children behave, as well as how they process information. Erik Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development provided a timeline for stages people’s minds go through by their age. Jean Piaget’s came up with the four stages of mental and physical development, that help us recognize children’s behaviors and abilities at certain ages as well as examples of how children learn and interact with these developed skills. After reading about both theorists, I believe Jean Piaget’s work is more relatable when determining that a behavior or skill of a student is age-appropriate. Jean Piaget was a biologists and psychologist born in Neuchà ¢tel, Switzerland on 1896. According to biography.com: â€Å"Over the course of his later career in child psychology, he identified four stages of mental development that chronicled young people s journeys from basic object identification to highly abstract thought.† (biography.com). Having this valuable information as a teacher, can help teachers interact positively with their students. Teachers can plan curriculaShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding oneRead MoreThe Developmental Theories By Erik Erikson And Jean Piaget1728 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscuss the two major developmental theories by Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The nature of development itself is dynamic, changing, exciting and challenging. â€Å"Before we can think about the world and our experiences we must first get to know it. We need to be abl e to have certain basic concepts in place, have ways of communicating effectively and understand differences between all types of life experiences we encounter† (Robinson, 2008, 13). Erikson believed that external factors such as parentsRead MoreThe Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to explain why and how children develop into adolescents and adult hood. Although all three provide their own theories on this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget once asked, â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known?† With there being so many theoriest whose research and ideas have made an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidenceRead MoreEssay on Stand by Me1067 Words   |  5 Pagesadolescence. The theories of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Erik Erikson are clearly exemplified in Gordy, Chris, Teddy, and Vern throughout the movie. The four kids are identical to one stage each of Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, and Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. By the end of the movie, you see a character change in Gordy and Chris Gordy The stage of development theorized by Piaget that is most identical toRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MorePsy 203 Week 3 Essay639 Words   |  3 Pagesdevelopment throughout the lifespan. a. Sigmund Freud b. Erik Erickson c. Jean Piaget d. Albert Bandura 6. Children tend to view the world based on their personal perspectives. The term for this is a. centration b. egocentrism c. ego identity d. narcissism 7. ___________ developed his theories on human development by observing his own children interact with the world. a. Jean Piaget b. Albert Bandera c. Erik Erikson d. Lev Vygotsky 8. ______________ theorized that childrenRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Development Theory1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment. (Berger, pg. 23). The three theories that have influenced by development are Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory, Abraham Maslow’s Humanism and Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory. 1. The first Human development theory is that of Jean Piaget’s, who believed that all human development and behavior was the product of consistent and reliable patterns of interactions with the environment called schemas. Piaget divided his Theory of Cognitive development into four stages. Each stage is characterizedRead MorePiaget Of The Child : Theories Of Development Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesexperiences must be considered. Piaget believes theorists that focus on the mind are called cognitive theorists. Piaget was most interested in how children think. Piaget describes stages of cognitive development stages that occur in succession always in the same order from the reflexive movements of very youthful infants to the trial-and-error approach for adolescent children, to the thought-out reasoning of the early adolescent (Jean Piaget, 1896-1980). Erik Erikson believed behavior as more relatedRead MoreCognitive And Psychosocial Characteristics Of The Infancy Lifespan Stage1322 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowth and development, therefore adequate nutrition and health promotion is mandatory. This essay will describe the physical, cognitive and psychosocial characteristics of the infancy lifespan stage, briefly describe two lifespan theorists, Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget, in relevance to infancy and discuss two health behaviours, nutrition and vaccination in relation to the infancy lifespan stage. The first few months of an infant’s life is the most rapid time of growth. They go through physical changes

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Unethical Behavior Has A Negative Impact On The Public,...

Ethics according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary is â€Å"the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group† (Ethic, 2015). As public administration professionals, we have a duty to make ethical decisions and always put the general public’s interest before our interest. Repeatedly, the general public is being confronted with unethical behavior. Unethical behavior continues to be a persistent problem in the public, nonprofit and for-profit sectors. Some recent unethical behavior includes military sex crime cover-ups, police racial profiling, test score manipulation, unauthorized use of government property and funds, and political corruption. Other bad ethical decisions include illegal homeowner’s foreclosures, insider trading, misappropriation of nonprofit and public funds, university admission scandals, self-plagiarism and fraud to name a few. Ethics is influential to a public administrator s functioning capability in serving the public’s bes t interest and promoting a positive, nurturing work environment. Unethical behavior has a negative impact on the public, economy and work environment. The field of public administration needs an enforceable code of ethics to ensure accountability and promote trust. Public service is the core responsibility of a public administrator. It is all about protecting the common good; in other words, acting in the best interest of the general public. To connect to the public perspective, we as public administrators need to insist onShow MoreRelatedUnethical Conduct And Sexual Harassment1483 Words   |  6 PagesUnethical conduct is extensive, and can be dicovered throughout most organizations. The influence of unethical behavior can be harmful not only to organizations, but to society as well. The imact is not just financial, but also menetally. In order to attain success and have employees that are inspired, happy, truthful, and ethical, the underlying causes of unethical behavior should be identified; and actions, such as incoperating and imposing a Code of Conduct, along with other forms of managementRead MoreA Standard Definition Of Ethics1328 Words   |  6 PagesDictionary, 2012). Defining business ethics is a topic which has numerous opinions; definitions refer to the rightness or wrongness of behavior. What is morally right or wrong, ethical or unethical is not often agreed upon. (Phillip 1985). A person’s ethically beliefs stem from personal opinion which can include, environmental ethics, political ethics, ethics relating to religion, culture and acceptable norms of behavior in that persons environment. Companies are feeling the effects of market forces,Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility: An investigation into Louis Vuitton1648 Words   |  7 PagesVuitton With the rapid development of social economy, the public tends to focus on the social responsibility of the company, as well as feedback to the society, rather than pay close attention to how to create interest in the company. Especially, environmental protection and human rights has became the most pressing social phenomenon. Under this trend, enterprises increasingly emphasis on CSR which stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. This term has became popular in the 1960s and was narrowlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : A Company s Responsibility Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pages LITERATURE REVIEW Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined as a company’s responsibility to ensure ethical business behavior, contribution to the economic development of a country, improve the lifestyle of its own workforce and their family members, betterment of local community and overall society. It is some small amount of cost done by the company which effect can’t be seen in the present but in long term it promotes positive image for the company. Successful CSR program can take a companyRead MoreInternal And External Factors at AAM1189 Words   |  5 Pageswas formed in 1994. AAM is one of North Americas leading providers of drive train components for the SUV market. AAM is the largest provider of Driveline systems in the United States. AAM has five manufacturing plants in the United States as well as other plants located in Mexico, Brazil, and Scotland. AAM also has offices in Europe, Asia, and the Pacific. As a company of this size, corporate planning is a vital function to deal with external and internal factors, in which, the companys goals orRead MoreShould Businesses Be Held Accountable For Certain Standards?1555 Words   |  7 Pagesstandards in relation to their impact to society and/or give back to society. Without consumers purchasing their products, businesses would not be able to survive. Society and business are interdependent upon each other, and sometimes impact negatively and positively, but should have a duty to want to take a responsibility to â€Å"do the right thing†. Citizens are bound by judicial case law; businesses should be bound by certain moral obligations to society to encourage ethical behavior. With more strict lawsRead MoreCultural Values and Personal Ethics1000 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Values In today’s society, we live our lives and make our future depending â€Å"on what we believe has value.† What we do with our time, our money and our lives are all directly influenced by our capacity to make clear, balanced and valued decisions. Each individual brings a set of personal values into the workplace. These values and the moral reasoning associated with them translate into behavior that are considered important aspects of ethical decision making in organizations. For example, theRead MoreSarbanes Oxley1476 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial scandals have impacted many individuals such as public companies and accounting firms. Sarbanes Oxley has made many changes to many companies. The major financial scandals have impacted many investors and required more regulations to avert this problems. Sarbanes Oxley has tried to increase ethics in the upper management in many public companies. The upper management has tried to improve on social responsibility and i ncrease the public view. There are many critics to Sarbanes Oxley and manyRead MoreCan Ethical Values be Incorporated Into an Organization’s Culture? 2636 Words   |  11 PagesDecisions are made every day in the workplace that may have ethical implications. It is important to conduct business in an ethical way because those decisions may have an impact on their companies, employees, shareholders, customers, and possibly on society. As organizations integrate ethical values into their corporate culture, they will have an engaged workforce that will have higher morale, higher employee retention, and higher production. â€Å"American Management Association (AMA) executive membersRead MoreEthical Issue Of Digital Piracy Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pageswhich also known as one type of the copyright infringement, is the activity of illegal copying selling digital materials, such as software, music, movies and e-book files. Based on a common sense of intellectual property pro tection, digital piracy has restricted the development of digital industry and harmed the benefits of intellectual property owner. Therefore, as the strengthened awareness of consumer and the enhanced regulation of country’s legal system, to protect the intellectual property rights

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Hrm- Evaluation of Training Free Essays

string(76) " it enhances the efficiency of the employees and develops their capacities\." International Research Journal of Finance and Economics ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 37 (2010)  © EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010 http://www. eurojournals. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm- Evaluation of Training or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/finance. htm Methods of Evaluation: Training Techniques Mahmoud M. AL-Ajlouni Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Business Administration Irbid National University, Irbid Jordan E-mail: ajlouni_mahmoud@hotmail. com Salah M. H Athamneh Assistant Professor, Deptt. Humanities Jordan University of Science and technology Irbid, Jordan Abdulnaser A.Jaradat Assistant Professor, Deptt. of Marketing Irbid National University, Irbid, Jordan Abstract The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure. Hence evaluation of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved.The analysis of the information is the concluding part of any evaluation programme. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programmes similar nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in this future training programmes, to stop short of completion of the training systems design methodology, by avoiding the evaluation,our training effectiveness is reneging on our commitment to our students.The future requires more precise, reliable evaluation strategies, we like to think of training effectiveness evaluation in the same way that we think of surveillance tests in the plant, we perform training effectiveness evaluations to ensure our programmes work effectively. Keywords: Training Programme, On –the-Job-Training, Off-the-Job-Training, Training Techniques,Evaluation Methods. IntroductionIn the modern computer era training has gained the reputation of dynamic concept which needs to be understood in that perspective most of the modern organi zation which do not respond to the dynamic change that are seen in changed environment may well fail to respond to the needs of organization and people. Hence organization virtually needs to aspire to respond to the change in the environment. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 57 These changes may be concerned with organizational or individual behavior may be concerned with the structural change. Training is one of most important and effective means of bringing about change in an organization. Training is system which feed the needs. Skills. And knowledge of the people working in the organization†¦ these skills and knowledge are acquired to fulfill a specify purpose or goal. Concept of Training Training has been defined by a number of scholars and trainers like Change agents. Some of the definitions are as follows: According to Fllippo:† the act of increasing the skills of an employee for doing a particular Job† can be termed as training. Similarly Steinmetz has observed. â€Å"Training is a term process utilizing a systematic and organized procedure by which non-personnel learns technical knowledge and skills for a definite purpose†. 2 From the above definitions it can asserted training is a technique concerned with the development of skills and knowledge in particular actor discipline. Training enhances and improves person’s skills. Imparts knowledge to change person’s attitudes and values towards a particular direction. William G. Torpey has defined training as â€Å"the process of developing skills. Habits.Knowledge and attitudes in employees for the purpose of increasing effectiveness of employees in their present government positions as well as preparing employees for future government positions†. 3 The above definition of training is based on assumption that all training is not necessary and all training is not beneficial. Training is a technique which properly focuses and direct towards the achievement of particular goals and objectives of the organization. Hence identification of training needs is first and probably the most important step towards the identification of training techniques. The process of identifying training needs is carefully thought out programme that needs to be carried out with sensitivity because success of a training programme may be crucial for the survival of the organization. Objectives of training must be determined to pave way for the assertion of proper techniques of training. Training is imparted to people in organization with certain defined objectives and goals. However it must be remembered that the goals and objectives of organization differ to a great extent. Hence the defined objectives of a training programme should be assessed in the light of the goals of that organization.In 1944. Assheton Committee stated the objectives of training in the following manner: 4 (a) It endeavors to produce a civil servant whose precision and clarity in the transaction of business can be taken for granted. (b) It helps attuning the civil servant to the task he is called upon to perform in a changing world. It in other words helps him to adjust his outlook and methods to the changing needs of new times. (c) It saves the civil servant from becoming a robot like mechanically perfect civil servant. He is made aware of his work and the service that he is required to render to his community. d) It not only enables an individual to perform his current work more efficiently but also fits him for other duties. It develops in him capacity for higher work and greater responsibilities. (e) It pays substantial regard to staff moral as latter have to perform tasks of a routine character throughout their lives. Bhagwan and Bhushan have also identified the following objectives of training: 5 (a) For the performance certain peculiar activities pertaining to the government training plays a significant part. 58International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) (b) Training helps the employees to become people oriented and inculcates in them respect and regard for general public. (c) It broadens the vision and widens the outlook of the employees by explaining to them to make substantial contribution towards realization. (d) It is vital to a career service. It lists them for advancement which is assured to the employees when they join the government service at young age. (e) It improves the lone and adds to the quality of organization.Since it enhances the efficiency of the employees and develops their capacities. You read "Hrm- Evaluation of Training" in category "Papers" The efficiency and prestige of the department goes up. (f) It fosters homogeneity of out look and esprit de crops in the employees. Identification of Training Needs Training is a specialized function. Hence trainer must know exactly what is required from the training programme in accordance to the identified tools framework techniques processes are identified in designing and implementing efficient effective timely and productive training programmes for those who require it.Training needs also determine the nature of training program. Formulation of training program includes those factors that are related to the evaluation of the program in terms of techniques and skills can be properly considered. Any training program must take into consideration three fundamental behavioral aspects:Organization, people, and environment as far as organization are concerned their survival rests on a certain minimum achievement of goals and objectives which are pre defined to customers owners. Employees. etc. ll these factors are continuously interacting with the organization whose objectives and goals have been formulated so to benefit the members of the organization intermittently The second assumption that needs to taken into consideration is the fact that these objectives can be achieved only through harnessing the abilities of its people. Releasing potential and maximizing opportunities for development. In others words. The achievement of objectives and goals can be effectively and effectively achieved only if people within the organization possess adequate skills and abilities.If they do not possess the skills and abilities required. the objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and effectively achieved only if they do not possess the skills and abilities. if they do not possess the skills and abilities required. The objectives and goals cannot be achieved effectively and efficiently. Hence proper assessment of the abilities and skills of the employees must be considered before any training programme is be formulated . The third assumption is to assess the capability potential of the employees. The people who are engaged in the accomplishment of goals and objectives.In the new perspective, are capable of new learning. If the employees do not possess the required potential to adapt themselves to the new environment. The chances of training programs being a success will be doubtful. The fourth assumption about people is concernd with the level of ability and the desire to learn. Training is all about learning. learning organization basically involves people who make or break organization. the organization should be able to provide adequate opportunities and resources where people are able to learn through training new concepts. nd techniques of management. the assumption is also concerned with matching of achieving organizational goals on one hand and on the other providing attractive learning opportunities. the third assumption basically requires that the programmers of training should be so designed so as to provide learning opportunities that are effective and efficient. the objective of training is fulfill the individual needs of the employees and that of the organization as well . The fifth assumption is concerned with the environment variable. In a dynamic situation.Environment continues to put new pressures and demands upon the system even if it is for survival only. Because of liberalization, competition has become severe and public sector as well private sector has to compete with each other in order to stay a viable entity. Hence changes in the environment can International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 59 no more be overlooked but need to understood and adapted to. The need for training, therefore, becomes inevitable. Once it is established that need for training is a necessity. The question arises what type of training is required to meet the three challenges.Another important question that comes to mind is whether the training programmed is able to change the pattern of behavior for which it was trained and how effectiveness is will be measured. Before discussing venous types of techniques of evaluation. A close look at various types of training methods will be locked into. With regard to people working in the organization needs and aspiration of the people must be properly evaluated. Specification of training needs means translating the needs of people into specific needs and achieving those aspirations by training programmers.Basic idea behind this evaluation is to make organization learning organization. According to Senge. Where people continually expand their capacity to create results they truly desire. Where new and expansive paupers are nurtured. Where collective aspiration is set free. And where people are continually learning how to learn together. 6 Factors Influencing Training Needs Organizations are complex and dynamic in nature and their effectiveness depends on number of factors. Complexity of organization is again a multifaceted implication of various factors being determined by various environmental factors.Hence the nature of complexity of a given organization needs to be evaluated before determining its training needs. Some of the factors that increase complexity are being discussed keeping in view that all are not determinants of complexity for all organization. Technology in the computer age is being upgraded frequently and hence is the most important factors in increasing the complexity of an organization .. structurally as well as behaviorally. According of Frances and Bee. Technology is changing an ever increasing rate. Today’s state –of-the-art computer is tomorrows junk. Robot assembly pants.Laser printers. â€Å"Transplant and genetic surgery— wherever the workplace— whatever the task. There appears to be a technological solution for everything†. 7 The technological changes are influencing the basic settings of organization. The technological changes are not only concerned with the structure or gadgets of an organization but these changes also influence the behavioral aspect of the very people who are working in the organization. However people do not usually change in technology and its environment. Change can be brought about in a smooth manner only through training techniques.Another important factor that needs to be taken into consideration is concerned with social changes that are taking place in the new social environment. For most organization internal compilations are bound to change in the computer age. People from different backgrounds, women. People from diverse nations will from the workforce of modern organizations. With increasing diversity in the culture. The organizations are bound to receive culture shock. Organization with their exiting format will not be in position to absorb this culture shock.The change agent will be playing an important role in providing appropriate training to absorb culture shock. The third factor that has influenced training needs is related the new role that the government are being asked to play. The governments are being asked to play sensitive role of controlling the business ethical activities on one hand and safeguarding the interests of consumer on the other. In the era of privatization and globalization. The governments are formulating legislation to facilitate business activity both public and private as well as safeguarding the consumer interest.Thus managers and CEOs need to be acquainted to the new legislation that are being enacted from time to time. The fourth factor that has influenced the training needs is the emerging competitive market Conditions. It may be asserted that the public and private sector, even in monopolistic conditions. Have to face competition. The pertinent question is whether the new market situation will force the 60 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) organization to go in for training as they are going to face new marketing situations in the times to come.Will the new emerging conditions give rise to pressure groups that have henceforth not been seen in the business world. Basically organizations are going to face situations that are the result of competitive markets and development of consumerism. Many of the managers in the public and private sector could not possibly have been oriented towards these new situations. Hence need f training is unavoidable. The fifth factor influencing the training needs related to internal management of an organization. Internally organizations are going to face new dilemmas and problems. Business needs are fulfilled by the human resources that exist within the framework of internal structure. Any strategic plan which does not take this fact into account is bound to face numerous problems. There will be a continuous pressure on the organization to improve performance. Human resources, like managers, workers, staff, and others, have to be kept up to date in expertise and at the same times need to be motivated to perform better. This is a difficult task which cannot be handled by the staff of the organization. Experts called change agents are required to fulfill the task.Training needs cannot be overlooked because it is an on going process. In addition. Training is now considered a specialized function to be performed by the experts. Techniques of Training The object of this paper is not to discuss various techniques of training. Hence training techniques are being short listed for the purpose of their identification for evaluation purpose. However we would like to throw light on some of modern techniques of training. Some of the training techniques that are often used for reeducation purpose are: 1. On –the-job- training. 2. Demonstration. 3. Job instruction training. 4. Vestibule training. 5. Apprenticeship. 6. Coaching –Understudy. 7. Job rotation. 8. Lectures and conferences. 9. Syndicate. 10. Simulation training. 11. Role playing. 12. In-basket exercise. 13. Management game. 14. Sensitivity training. 15. Transactional analysis. 16. Organization development. A detailed discussion of these techniques can be referred to many text books. 8 Here we would like to discuss some of the training techniques that are considered by the experts as essential for improving the performance of organization in competitive situations. Diversity training is becoming extremely important for the organizations that are complex in nature.The work force of these enterprises is divers in nature. Various diverse group from different cultural and social background join one institution and thus submerging various cultural into one. The diverse work force has to be trained so as to provide some from of commonality. Various methods are adopted to provide diversity training. According to Fred Luthans one method of divers training involves putting trainees into groups based on ethnic origin. Then each group is asked to describe the others and listen to the way its own group is described. 9 Another methods of diversity training has been stated in the following manner.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 61 Another widely used approach is diversity board games. Which require the participants to answer questions related to areas such as gender. Race cultural differences. Age issues. Sexual orientation. And disabilities. On the basis of the response, the games players are able to advance on the board or are forced to back up. 10 The objectives of theses types of games are to acquaint the players in a non threatening manner with legal rules and restrictions regarding how to manage members of the diverse groups.The third method of divers training concerned with participant focus on cultural issues such how to interact with personal from other countries. It may be added that many of the training programmers related to diver’s work force also use other training programmes. 11 Methods of Evaluation of Training Programmes It is extremely important to assess the result of any training programme. The participant must be made aware of the goals and objectives of the training program and on completion of the training program, they should be asked about the impact of the concerned training programme.Evaluation of any program is a difficult task and more so of a training program. The first step toward evaluation of a training program is to define the goals and objectives of the training program. These goals and objectives should be stated in such format so that they can be measured statistically. Also both the trainer and the trainees most be well acquainted with there role in the training programme. In the evaluation of any training program. The first requirement is to collect valid and reliable data. The required data can be collected by using the fowling techniques. 2 1. Self assessments answer sheets. 2. Question confronted by the trainees. 3. Assessing the collected information and observation. 4. Final result based on earlier information plus the new data Each method of data collection has its advantages and disadvantages. Which need to taken into consideration. The merits and demerits of each method are as follows. Merits of Self Assessment 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The cost factor is quite low. Data can easily collected. Time consumption of the trainer and trainee is negligible. Outside interference is completely avoided.Effective relationships develop between the trainee. Well designed answer sheet can produce healthy results . Demerits of Self Assessment 1. Self assessment is basically self evaluation which can be based of biased responses. The assessment must have enough reliability so as to draw right conclusion in regard to individual assessment. 2. The responses given by the trainees can be based on misrepresentation or misinterpretation of the questions asked. Thus self assessment questions should be small and easy to understand . in addition . no information should be sleeked which will embarrass the trainees. . The information provided by the trainees cannot be evaluated in terms of their correctness. All the trainees do not prefer to give the required information lest it may be used against at any point of time. All these problems can be easily solved. Self assessment is basically adhered to by all the training programs. However what is important to consider is to make proper effective use of this 62 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) technique as the trainees provide valuable information which the trainer can use to formulate training strategy.The second requirement for evaluating a training programme is concerned with the evaluation of the training programme when part of the training programme has been completed. The time factor must be decided before the programme is initiated and the evaluation criteria must be determined before the training programme begins. The first evaluation will give adequate information to the trainers whither the programme moving toward write direction. At the same time trainees will be able to assess the value of the program in terms of its needs and usefulness.It is extremely important to realize whether the trainees have understood the need and importance of the training programme. As this stage adequate data should be collected from the trainees to make proper evaluation of the training programme. The collect data, interview and questionnaire methods can be most effective. Interviews can be conducted by seeking information face to face, by means of telephone, or by other strategies like group discussions etc. Each of these methods has its own merits and demerits. Merits of Interviews 1. Face to face interviews ensures some response. If any responses need to be clarified.The trainer can do so instantly. Similarly if the trainees want any clarification, the same can do immediately. This helps in ensuring correct information. 2. As far telephone interviews are concerned though there is lack of personnel touch. The trainee does not feel the pressure of the interviewer to give answers that suit the trainer. The trainer can answer all those question that are complex in nature. These answers have far more validity as the responses are without any pressure. Demerits of Interviews 1. The interview is a lengthy and costly process as it requires trained and skilled personal to get results that are reliable. . Another important drawback is the possibility of the trainer being involved in the interview. 3. Data collected through interview methods may be out of date and hence difficult to interpret. Merits and Demerits of Questionnaire Questionnaires in one form or another do appear in all kinds of research and surveys. Hence it is extremely vital that the questionnaire is framed with utmost care so that it measures the variable in exactly the way it has been designed for. Once the initial design has been properly framed, a pre _ test must be conducted to find out whether the questions mean the same thing to the trainer and the trainee.If found inappropriate, the questionnaire should be redesigned and a pilot survey should be conducted. If found appropriate. Full survey should be conducted and if found inappropriate the questionnaire should be redesigned again. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire should be properly evaluated before going in for full survey. In regard to collection of data. It may be observed,â€Å"As with any method of data collection it is vital to plan how the data is to be collected. However with this method, since it does not usually involve the design of some sort of formal survey instrument such as questionnaire.It is all to easy to leap straight in without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and without a plan. This can lead to a considerable waste of time and even worse the wrong data being collected-so the message is plan and design your desk research in the same way as you would any more formal survey. † 13 Thus whatever technique or method we adopt, the validity and reliability of data must be determined. As a matter of fact the trainer must look at three factors to determine the reliability and validity of the collected data. According to Frances and bee, three key aspects must be considered in any evaluation study.These key aspects are as follows. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) 63 The first factor is concerned with the internal stability of an evaluation study. It is concerned with how well the study measures what we want or are aiming to find out. This usually involves the adequacy and appropriateness of the measuring tool. The instrument, used. What needs to be considered is that whatever instruments we use for the purpose of collecting data, we must make sure that the terminology being used actually measures the variable that we intend to measure.Whether the instrument be interview or questionnaire, the terms must elicit the kind of information that is required. The second factor is concerned with the external validity. It is concerned with the extent that the findings can be applied bevond the group involved in the study. The conclusions drawn on the basis of collocated should not be applicable only to the group that was the basis of collection of data. On the contrary, the collected data should have the reliability and validity to the extent that its conclusions are applicable to other similar situations. 4 The third factor that needs to be considered is concerned with reliability. The reliability of an evaluation study is the extent to which the results can be replicated, i. e. if the study was repeated the results would be the same. The obvious approach to dealing with this issue is to repeat tests and observations. Also techniques, such as including the same question but in different forms, using multiple observes, etc. can be helpful. 15 The fourth factor that needs to be taken to evaluate training programme is to conduct and determine reaction level of the trainees in respect of the training programme.The reaction criteria is to be determined in terms of open discussion between the trainers, the trainees, and the management. This will give ample opportunity to the management to ascertain whether or not the training programme is achieving the objectives for which it was organized. This evaluation should be conducted half way of the training period. The reaction criteria tends to inform the trainers whether the training programme is achieving the goals as perceived by the trainers. In other words the trainers come to know the level of happiness and satisfaction of the trainees in regard to the training programme. To ascertain and collect this kind of information, the trainees may be asked to fill a self-complete questionnaire in which the trainees have to choose between a range of alternatives and answer some of the open ended questions. The self-fulfilled questionnaire seeks information in regard to entry briefing; whether the objectives of the training programme were achievable and how far have they been useful; whether the trainers performance has been satisfactory; and the training methods utility; the mid term evaluation clears the way of the trainers to reframe the training methodology and cater according to the needs of the trainees.Two fundamental problem need to be assessed in this evaluation process. The first problem is whether information seeked should or should not be collected in the name of trainee. The evaluation as far as possible be anonymous could give, probably, more accurate information than the information collected in the name of the participant. The second related issu e is concerned with the venue where the information questionnaire is filled up by the trainee. It is indeed desirable that the trainee provide information away from the course environment. This mid evaluation can be very helpful in providing a lot of information that is reliable and valid. As a matter of fact mid term evaluation can be very helpful and the cost of collecting such information is not only very low but it also helps the trainees to reframe their training programs accordingly the approach of mid term evaluation allows the trainer to make comparisons between different training programs that were conducted in other organization or that were conducted by the trainer himself.However reaction criteria of mid term evaluation does generate an enormous amount of data analysis. How much of this data is used by the trainer for readjusting the structure of the training program depends on the management, trainer, and the participants. The final step in respect of evaluation of training programmes is to assess whether the basic objectives of the training programme have been achieved or not. In this step cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit techniques need to be utilized to measure the performance.This assessment will demonstrate whether the expected learning that was determined before the training programme was conduced has taken place after the conclusion of the training programme or not. 64 International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) Some of the scholars suggest that before going in for final evaluation, if feasible, one or two, in between, evaluation, can also be conducted. However too many evaluation questionnaires can disrupt the training program and can create doubts in the minds of trainees towards the effectiveness of the program in the minds of the trainees can be created.Evaluation of the training programme should be undertaken only for the purpose of feedback and restructuring of the programmes to fulfill the goals and objectives of the training program. me. The basic purpose of any training programme is to improve organizational performance i. e. to assess whether the training program has been able to achieve change that it desired from the training program. The final evaluation program must take into factors that might have affected the final outcome, for example, competitor initiatives, general economic conditions. Etc. erformance of an organization must be evaluative in terms of the whole unit and not parts of it. Hence any evaluation of the training programme may not result in perfect achievement of the goals. We should identify the key factors and indicators that can influence the final results of the training programme. The assessment of these factors will help in the analysis of the needs of the concerned organization. In this respect a comparative study should be made in regard to the information collected before the training programme was initiated and after the training program where changes need to be visualized and thereupon assessed. If possible a comparative study can also be made of the similar training programme conducted in other organization and analyzes the differences in the final results. At the time of collecting the final data, proper monitoring should be assured. All the required data should be collected to make elaborate analysis. 16 In the final analysis it can be stated that the final evaluation is the most important aspect of the training programme aspect of the training programme in order to find and determine the effectiveness of the training programme.This assessment gives a clear picture of the impact of the training program. As indicated earlier, a clear cut indicators of organizational performance determined before the start of the program will make measurement of desired change in terms of evaluation much easier to measure. Conclusion The Evaluation of any training programme has certain aims to fulfill. These are concerned with the determination of change in the organizational behavior and the change needed in the organizational structure.Hence evaluation of any training program must inform us whether the training programme has been able to deliver the goals and objectives in terms of cost incurred and benefits achieved . The analysis of the information is the concluding part of any evaluation programme. The analysis of data should be summarized and then compared with the data of other training programmes similar nature. On the basis of these comparisons, problems and strength should be identified which would help the trainer in his future training programmes. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics – Issue 37 (2010) How to cite Hrm- Evaluation of Training, Papers

Monday, December 9, 2019

Australian Retail Market free essay sample

The intended purpose of this report is to outline the nature of the Australian retail market, specifically the retail food sector. This report will then discuss the role of market segmentation and how it has resulted in the emergence of new retail channels available to consumers. The emergence of ALDI as a new retail channel will be the focal point of the report along with a brief overview of other new-coming organizations such as Costco. Through the use of current journal articles, books, internet sites and government publications, this report will outline the benefits of the new retail channels available to consumers, especially in regards to saving on common expenses. This report will also discuss the possible room for development and expansion for other retailers within Australia, and the ensuing implications these would have on the supermarket sector. The Australian retail market is currently categorized into certain sectors. The sector that will be discussed in this report will be the Australian retail food sector, and more specifically the supermarket subsector. Woolworths and Coles dominate this sector with 78 percent share of the market and their dominance within the sector is evident as they are contributing to 50 to 70 percent of grocery and food sales (AFGC 2011). Furthermore, the Australian Food and Grocery Council (2011 p. 13) outlines the fact that the majority shares of the two major retailers of Woolworths and Coles have also resulted in Australia’s food retail market to be â€Å"one of the most concentrated in the world†. . Nature of Australian consumer market The Australian consumer market is also segmented into categories. These three categories include premium, convenience and discount buyers (Armstrong et al. 2012 p. 190). Different retailers depending on their targeted market will attempt to adequately service one these categories. Target marketing and Market segmentation These market segments are categorized depending on a few variables, the main variables include, Geographic, demographic, psychographic and behavioral (Armstrong et al. 012 p. 188). The aims of market segmentation, to put broadly, are to identify certain groups of consumers and then allocate them into segments depending on their similarities and common buying trends (Dibb Lyndon 1996). The concept of market segmentation is essential for organizations to understand in order to maintain a â€Å"competitive advantage that will enable them to fend off potential new entrants† (Armstrong et al. 2012 p. 191). 2. 2 Examples of Market Segmentation Dibb and Lyndon (1996, p. ) illustrate the key benefits of the effective use of market segmentation, these include: â€Å"full utilization of competitive edges, development of more appropriate marketing programmes and to become more market-focused†. One example of this would be Woolworths as in recent times; Woolworths have portrayed themselves as â€Å"Australia’s Fresh Food People† (Woolworths 2013). It is evident that Woolworths have developed more appropriate marketing campaigns in order to appeal to their consumers and have a clear sense of direction. Another example of effective market segmentation is through Bi-Lo, which is owned by Coles but targets a different market segment. Due to the fact that Bi-Lo targets discount consumers they have employed their ‘Why Pay More? ’ marketing campaigns (Bonn 2006, p. 7). 3. ALDI and their emergence into the market One of the main retailers within the retail market is ALDI and their goals are simple and concise; their philosophy is that â€Å"all people, wherever they live, should have the opportunity to buy everyday groceries of the highest quality at the lowest possible price† (ALDI 2013). ALDI was able to transition into the Australian retail market relatively smoothly as they understood their position in regards to their consumers, and also had the ability to service their respective markets’ (discount buyers) needs (Armstrong et al. 2012). 3. 1 Effects of improper market segmentation Prior to ALDI’s emergence, Franklins was also attempting to satisfy the needs of the lower spectrum of the market. However, when Franklins unsuccessfully attempted to reconfigure their position in regards to their consumers, they lost their hold on the market (Armstrong et al. 012). It is also outlined by Armstrong et al (2012) that the inexperience of Franklins in regards to market segmentation resulted in the loss of existing consumers as well as future consumers, and ultimately resulted in an uncontested response to ALDI. 4. ALDI’s Private label strategy Smith (2006, p. 39) implies that due to the nature of the supermarket industry, stores that offer a larger ran ge of products are often more efficient than those that offer fewer items. ALDI however tests this notion, as they stock roughly 700 private label products which is less than other retailers who stock 25000 to 30000 products (Bonn 2006, p. 1), yet they are still able to secure their market position and contend with rival retailers (Armstrong et al. 2012) 4. 1 Perception of Private Label Within the last 20-30 years, private label brands were initially targeted towards the lower classes; therefore people’s adoptions of private label brands were not very common (Kumar Steenkamp 2007, p. 12). However, in recent decades private label products have become more favorable to Australian consumers. This is evident in 2010 Nielson Global Survey (The Nielsen Company 2010) as the total percentage of sales of private label products have increased from 15 percent to 25 percent. Furthermore, the 2011 Nielsen Global Private Label Report (The Nielsen Company 2011), indicates that 46 percent of consumers believe private label products are a suitable replacement for name brands and 42 percent believe that private label brands are just as good as name brands. 5. Results of ALDI’s emergence ALDI’s emergence has resulted in a dynamic impact on the grocery sector as they have provoked competitive responses from other market retailers that have never been registered prior to ALDI’s emergence (ACCC 2008, p. 17). ALDI’s emergence has also resulted in a greater push by Coles, who have stated their future desire to raise their private label shares from 13 percent to 30 percent (Kumar Steenkamp 2007, p. 5). 5. 1 Benefits for ALDI consumers The main benefit of ALDI’s emergence within the retail sector is in regards to price. Considering that an average household spends 12 to 14% of its after tax income on groceries and household goods (ACCC 2008 p. 13), it is clear why certain consumers would value cheaper grocery prices at ALDI. A standard grocery basket at ALDI is potentially able to save consumers nearly 25 percent compared to consumers of other retailers (Choice 2009) 5. 2 Benefits of ALDI for other consumers ALDI is also able to assist consumers at other retailers as the two major retailers of Woolworths and Coles are reducing prices for certain stores that are geographically located within 1km of an ALDI Store (Choice 2009). This effect indicates the target market strategy of Woolworths and Coles as they only provide these reductions to benefit certain consumers within a geographic boundary and not their entire market segments. 6. Costco within Australia Costco first opened in Australia in 2009, and similarly to ALDI specializes in private label products, however on a much larger scale which is encompassed through their model of ‘Bigger is Better’ (Thomson 2009). . 1 Possible effects on market The Australian Food and Grocery Council (2011) also indicate that due to the highly concentrated nature of the Australian food retail sector, the emergence and expansion of ALDI and Costco are not expected to significantly affect the leading retailers dominance of the market, and instead it is predicted that their respective market shares will potentially increase from 78 percent to 85 percent. Although certain studies argue that there will be no major effect upon retailers, other studies portrayed by Krieger (2011) have suggested that the emergence and future growth and expansion of Costco and ALDI, could result in significant implications on the supermarket sector as it could result in the downfall of branded products as the larger retailers compete by introducing more of their own private label products. 7. Conclusion The heavily concentrated Australian retail food sector is under a phase of change and expansion due to the emergence of new market prospects, such as ALDI and Costco. This phase of change is centralized upon the growth and future expansion of private label products and with that the growing sense of competition within the market. In order to maintain a hold on a market within a competitive industry it is imperative that organizations fully understand their market segments in order to maintain an advantage and perform to their strengths.

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Compliance Management System Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Compliance Management System for Businesses. Answer: Introduction Compliance management systems have over the years formed an integral part of most businesses and organizations. They have laid a basis on which companies have been able to set standards in the industry that ensure transparency in production as well as adherence to rules and regulations that help shape the practices. The aspect has led to companies adopting various compliance management systems which aid in monitoring of different activities. It is imperative that the adopted system takes into regard the various company strategies and cultures that have described it over the years as well as ensuring that it is according to the industrial procedures and policies in the specific area. Compliance Requirements The project, therefore, seeks to analyze the particular compliance requirements for a nonprofit organization referred to as the Charity Care based in Brisbane. The firm is based on two aspects; community care and computer care which are involved in the various charity tasks conducted by the workers. The project will, therefore, assess the requirements associated with the company, propose possible options to be used as a compliance system and provide a comprehensive review of the project. This will enable the firm effectively develop strategies to ensure realization of the overall goal and objectives. The project is estimated to take about three months to ensure its full implementation as well as addressing of possible faults that may occur. The resulting compliance system will effectively deal with the problems arising from the industry (Wiegers Beatty, 2013). OHS Requirements Internal compliance requirements are those that are required by the relevant entities and are usually formulated and enforced internally by the organizations upper staff. Charity care possesses various internal requirements which ensure the safety of the people involved in the firm. The work health and safety policy requires the workers to be provided with safe environment in which they conduct their activities (Product, 2014). They should be properly shielded from any dangers and injuries through provision of proper equipment. The equal employment opportunity policy requires that the organization gives equal chances to all the people regardless of their gender or background. Other internal requirements help limit the expenses of the company as well as entertainment aspects and activities. QLD Requirements External requirements are those that are sanctioned by the relevant authority to which the organization belongs at the particular period. Charity Care is faced with various external requirements which help it to implement its strategies. The Collections Act 1996 is governed by the office of Fair Trading which requires charity organizations to comply with certain rules before they can be registered. This also applies to the various methods the charitable organizations can use to raise funds for their programs. The authority also requires the organization to publicize its accounts for audit after certain periods. There is need to develop effective research methodologies which see to it that the overall objective is realized. The project will, therefore, rely on articles through reviewing of literature. Additionally, surveys will be conducted to help identify the best management system. This will include use of interviews and questionnaires to assist in the process. The methodologies are useful and effective since they guarantee immediate feedback. Research tools such as the internet will also be useful and help make comparison with other systems across the country as well as assessing their effectiveness. Budget for each Research Task task Research method Research tool budget Identify the QLD charity organizations requirement 1) Review of literature (legislation) 2) Interview people 3) 1) Company reports, articles, legislation, policies, reviews 2) Questions, people, time, analysis tool for data, spreadsheet 3) Questionnaire Computer, internet $200 (for example) Identify internal OHS requirements 1. Safety of the employees 2. Limiting the expenses 1. Interviewing the workers 2. Using questionnaires $200 Internal 1) Conduct survey 2) Online research 1) Questionnaire 2) Use of the internet $100 Questionnaire What do you feel about the current requirements? What are the possible ways you can suggest to be improved? Is the current environment safe for you? Do you enjoy the compliance regulations? Conclusion This plan will be presented to the CEO to enable a comprehensive review by the board. The plan will try to capture all the details and specific aspects that affect the stakeholders. Additionally, it suggests a formation of a compliance tem whose specific task will be to oversee the effectiveness of the whole process and the realization of the overall goal shared. Compliance Effects The compliance requirements explained affect various areas of the Charity Care Company. The organizations employees are directly impacted by the move since it concerns their wellbeing. Consequently, their ability to function and provide services is affected by the compliance requirements. The budgeting function is also affected by these requirements since they require resources which may not have been earlier allocated. In this aspect, it becomes difficult to implement the requirements if they are not properly allocated for. The organization may face various penalties and risks in the event that they choose to disregard some of the compliance requirements. Charity Care may be temporarily or permanently closed if there is any evidence of lack of compliance with requirements regarding to employee safety, ethical consideration and taxation. In some cases, they may incur heavy fines which heavily impact upon their ability to continue production at a particular level (Wiegers Beatty, 201 3). The move soils the name of the industry and may make it difficult to find donors and well wishers. Therefore, it is important that the firms adhere to the compliance requirements to avoid such penalties and risks. Alternatively, they can engage in activities which minimize risks in the industry. Compliance Systems Charity Care has various options to ensure compliance with the internal, external and industrial regulations it faces. The organization can choose to increase the safety of the employees in their work stations through providing them with proper equipment. It includes gloves that protect them from micro organisms they may encounter while taking care of the community members. The action is available to the third part content management policy which is already in existence in the organization. hence, it will be an improvisation of the overall goal and objective of the firm. the estimated cost of the material is close to $100 which will be incurred on a monthly basis. The option, moreover, is effective and will help guarantee their safety as the equipment is disposed after a single use. There is no case of recycling or reusing the gloves. The organization can also comply with the external requirement through proper filling of the forms and recruitment of legal help. The option will cost the organization an estimated $200 in terms of legal fees. However, it is effective since the expert assists in determination of effective ways the organization can operate according to the existing government regulations. It also matches the companys culture and organizational behavior since it aims at ensuring smooth delivery of services. The compliance management system, additionally, is effective as it relies on legal knowledge and experience of the relevant people in handling a sensitive situation (Product, 2014). Compliance management System The management information system for the compliance needs to adhere to various aspects and requirements which guarantee its success. The aspect is critical to the success or failure of the project since it takes into account the conflicting requirements of the different stakeholders through analyzing, documenting, validating as well as possibly managing the software to be used. Charity Care requirements involve the specific databases that will be used to keep track of records regarding employees and customers. It is also important that a separate database regarding the proposed computerized financial management system is kept. The requirement has various deliverables which act as documentation for the process. Data requirements are shown in an entity relationship diagram and are usually used as the starting point for the design. Data warehouse security requirements are included in the documentation to help specify who and when to access the information in the system. Documentation r egarding the data quality issues is also provided in the design. Personnel Personnel staffing is an important requirement for the compliance system. it allows the workers to operate in a free manner as they have well defined roles and duties at any specific time. Charity Care should focus on various aspects that ensure proper adherence to the requirements brought forward by the department. The compliance system should ensure that it incorporates significant variables such as the average number of employees scheduled for duty at a given time. It should also rely on historical patterns that have described the organizations for a long time. Additionally, it is also important that the system includes limited assignments and duties for the employees, uses correct estimates for the length of leaves and separately keeps track of the leave usage through Dispatch or EMS (Wiegers Beatty, 2013). The case study reveals key personnel for staffing in the board of directors. The board will be tasked with making decisions regarding daily running of the Care and also enact policies regarding hiring and firing. The manager will have the task of implementing these policies according to the history of the organizations. The workers, on their part, will try to adhere to these policies to allow for easy service delivery and ensuring quality in the output. Training The training requirements fronted by the system helps deal with the various ways used to handle the compliance system. it specifies the personnel to be trained with regard to the conditions, throughput and the tasks to be imparted. Moreover, requirements regarding possible constraints to be faced should also be explained. It involves the possibility of including different models in the overall model. There should also be inclusion of possible support packages. Suitable training options for the organization staff may be internal where they learn by themselves or external where the organization recruits qualified individuals to oversee the process. Processes A complaints management system is necessary in the compliance management system to allow for easy identification of errors and effective ways to deal with them. It allows the organization to register, acknowledge and act upon possible complaints raised by the personnel regarding the system. It is also important that the organization creates a compliance management culture in the environment. The strategy will include proper emphasis on the need to comply with existing regulations as well as strict penalties for non compliance. It will make it easy for the individuals to comply with both internal and external requirements. The system, moreover, should be able to identify and manage compliance breaches. This can be enhanced through integration of the system with the organization policies regarding compliance. The integration will make it easy to identify and promptly correct a possible compliance breach in the organization. Charity Care should also try to meet the compliance requirements through engaging experienced personnel to help in the process. The firm can outsource legal help to ensure that its structure is well developed and takes into consideration all the requirements needed in establishment as well as the day to day running. Ultimately, there is need to establish tests that will act as measurable devices for the various design areas (Wiegers Beatty, 2013). In this regard, it is important that Charity care develops more short goals which can be easily valued when compared to the long list of specific but unmeasured requirements. The design can encompass prototypes which make it easy to measure the achievements of the projects after a specified period. Administration Charity Care will undergo various budget constraints to allow the full implementation of the project. it is therefore, important that the organization uses the three month grace period to outsource for the funds before implementation begins. The funds will be utilized in various departments including human resources for developing, implementing, reviewing and maintaining the proposed compliance management system Implementation Plan/Action Schedule What (Tasks) Who (Personnel) When (Time line) Budget proposal to purchase quality management system software compliance manager next 2 months $3,000 internal audits more often administration team every 3 months $0.00 Training and development All employees Every year $1000 Legal Help Management team Yearly $300 Integration of policies with system Compliance team At the start of implementation $100 Actual implementation Compliance team After three months $2000 miscellaneous Administration team After three months $1000 Executive Summary The Compliance management system project is, hence, seen to be viable if the existing requirements are met according to the documentation. Charity Care will be able to enjoy a comprehensive system which takes into consideration the internal, external as well as industrial needs fronted by the system. Additionally, it will be easier to monitor a computerized financial management and payroll system, therefore, reducing the possibility of compliance breaching. Establishment of System The system implementation will be gradual and follow the existing steps as documented. The compliance team will first ensure that the existing hardware and software used in the firm integrate with the system. It will also conduct a feasibility study to determine possible faults to be incurred and, hence, develop ways to deal with the problems. The implementation process will be phased and pilot. In this regard, the system will be implemented in portions at a given department before it is rolled out to other departments. Monitoring Methodology and Results Analysis The organization will periodically monitor the system to determine any possible errors. The compliance team will be stationed at the organization premises six months into implementation to help address and correct and errors. The prototype method used in the system will allow the team to easily monitor the performance of the system (Product, 2014). This will be compared against the documented expectation the system had. The results of the monitoring activities will show a more reliable system able to detect any breach in the compliance. Conclusion Therefore, the project will affirm its importance to any business organization. It is imperative that other firms take up the approach through focusing on internal, external and industrial compliance agreements. Moreover, it is important that the developed system integrates with existing hardware and software requirements to allow easy implementation. Ultimately, any possible errors need to be promptly addressed to ensure the full maximization of system results. References Product, A. B. O. D. (2014). Subject to compliance with requirements, provide product indicated on Drawings or comparable product by one of the following: 1.Eaton Electrical Inc,2416-5. Wiegers, K., Beatty, J. (2013).Software requirements. Pearson Education.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to Rogue States and International Terrorists

Introduction Proliferation of nuclear weapons poses many threats to the international security. In response to such threats, nations look for ways of protecting their territorial integrity. The most effective mechanism of protecting individual national sovereignty entails adopting proactive response to security threats as opposed to reactive strategies (Nau 2008; Ross Feng 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to Rogue States and International Terrorists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Deterrence is one of the proactive mechanisms of shielding a nation from violations of territorial integrity through acts such as terrorism in an international arena. This paper declares deterrence an effective strategy to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to rogue states and international terrorists. First, it presents the theory of deterrence before discussing the challenges of proli feration of nuclear weapons and terrorism. Lastly, it justifies why deterrence constitutes an effective strategy of overcoming the problem of proliferation of nuclear weapons and terrorism. Deterrence The deterrence theory acquired immense recognitions in the cold war era. Its focus was on nuclear weapons. The strategy aims at dissuading enemies from taking destructive actions (Vasquez 2009, p.14). It also involves requesting other nations to stop doing things that are against other nations’ desires. Hence, it entails using threats as a means of convincing other nations why it is not in order to follow some paths. As a military strategist and a proponent of deterrence, Bernard Brodie claims that nations need to have credible and reliable nuclear deterrence to ensure that they are ready at all times, but not using the nuclear weaponry (Vasquez 2009). As quoted by Freedman (2004, p.43), Thomas Schelling presented the concept, ‘military strategy can no longer be defined as the science of military victory’. Rather, as a successful military strategy, he claims that deterrence encompasses coercion and/or acts of intimidation. In this extent, deterrence implies the capacity to harm other states that interact in the international arena in the effort to influence certain states to comply with the need to protect territorial integrity. The success of deterrence to curb any act of terrorism rests on the ability of a nation to deploy the power to hurt or harm other nations as a motivating factor for the target nation not to engage in any act that may harm the targeting nation (Waltz 2010). Proliferation of nuclear weapons in Iran evidences this assertion (Litvintsev 2014). The programme was initiated in the 1950s, with European governments and the US taking central roles.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It was part of the programme of atoms for peace. The involvement of these two parties did not proceed for long since it was terminated during the close of 1970s when the Iranian Shah was overthrown by the country’s insurgency. In the mid 1980s, Khomeini regime brought up the idea of a nuclear programme in secret. The plan also encompassed preparing for acquiring the capacity to produce nuclear weapons that were initiated during the Shah’s reign. This move was initiated by the Iran’s devastation that had been caused by Iraq due to the moves of Iraq to deploy chemicals weapons in the war between the two nations. Consequently, if Iran can successfully implement its nuclear weapon project, which the administration says is meant for nuclear energy purposes, the implication is that it can develop the capacity to coerce other nations in the international arena to behave in certain ways. While deterring or coercing other nations, violence is often inevitable. However, it can be mitigated through the accomm odation strategy. Hence, hurting other nations as a mechanism of exercising a bargaining power forms the basis of the deterrence theory. Such deterrence is most effective when reserved (Morgan 2003). Indeed, Iran has attempted to present itself as a good international relations party by attempting to hold its ability to engage in the proliferation of nuclear weapons as a reserve for its future ability to coerce other nations. In 1990, Iran endeavoured to develop its own nuclear power for the mining and processing of uranium. Part of this energy was also scheduled to be utilised in the production of large amounts of water that is needed in the manufacture of plutonium. Still in the same year, Iran also began its secret mission of buying uranium centrifuges that were made by A.Q khan. Testing of the centrifuges began in 2000. Although this process was done secretly, in 2002, the fuel activities cycle was publicised, thus prompting the intervention of France, Britain, IAEA, and Germany . These players in the international peace accord believed that Iran had engaged in a hidden mission of developing nuclear weapons for use against its adversaries such as the US and Iraq.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to Rogue States and International Terrorists specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Power constitutes an important aspect that enables a nation to pursue its own individual interests over other nations. Indeed, deployment of military threats to deter any possibility of wars and/or crisis constitutes important issues in the discussion of international security (Morgenthau 2011). For instance, the US, with cooperation from other militarily powerful nations, threatened to attack Iran if it did not abandon its nuclear weaponry project (Litvintsev 2014). The US has also predicted possible military confrontation consequences in Syria if the UN reports indicates that it has be en using chemical weapons against is citizens. In such situations, the US and other powerful nations declare the step a potential threat to international security. They persuade other nations not to engage in any act that interferes with international peace because of losses and other costs that such a move might attract (Adsera Boix 2002). In the international security discourses, deterrence policies have implications of pushing for certain policy goals. In this context, deterrence covers all ‘threats of military retaliation as directed from leaders of one state to those of another in an attempt to prevent the latter from resorting to the threat of using military force in pursuit of its foreign policy goals’ (Waltz 2010, p. 734). Deterrence guidelines can be grouped into two major classes, namely the preclusion of any equipped assault against a nation’s field or an unswerving preclusion and avoidance of any prepared assault against another country. Directed det errence occurs in case of direct confrontation between neighbouring nations without any intervention of a superpower nation (Waltz 2010). Extended deterrence occurs where great nations are involved in international confrontation such as the case of fighting against terrorism in Afghanistan, Iraq, and now in Somalia. As opposed to direct deterrence, extended deterrence attracts scholarly interest. Indeed, prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons or measures to avert acts of terrorism lies within the category of extended deterrence.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Morgan (2003) asserts that deterrence may aim at resolving short-term pressing threats to international security (immediate deterrence) or curtailing short-term threats from arising (general deterrence). The case of the conflict between Iran and the US in the exploration of the nuclear weaponry capability exemplifies the concept of direct deterrence. The Problem of Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons International community has had an objective of preventing the probable use of nuclear weapons. The overall goal is to ensure the abolition of weapons reserves. This interest has given rise to various international institutions and governmental agencies such as IAEA that seek to ensure that no more nuclear weapons are developed. Developing nuclear weapons threatens the territorial integrity of nations, especially those that constitute an adversary to a given state. For instance, the west views Iran’s nuclear programme as a means of developing the capacity to mass-destroy people and/ or seeking the power to control the world. Since the Second World War, peace has been the main superiority of many nations all over the world. Therefore, superpower nations have a noble responsibility of ensuring that all nations hold and follow the peace accord, as enumerated in the UN charter. Indeed, the west pushes the world to view Iran’s missions to establish nuclear power capability as an attempt to threaten the life of the nationalities of the west and that of all people across the globe. With one nation having a superior weaponry capability, the deterrence capability of a likely target becomes incredibly impossible. Although seeking deterrence against any potential nuclear weaponry attack is important, it has its negative ramifications. For instance, the overall consequences of spreading the negativity that Iran is a threat to the international peace, especially on the gulf region, is making the international community see Iran as a country that is dominated by a pop ulation that is strategically prepared to mass-destroy lives. Consequently, the objective of the west is to make people perceive Iranians as a threat to the international peace without necessarily considering that they took part in the creation of the programme. Nevertheless, negative portrayal cannot suffice as a grounded reason for Iran’s alleged participation in the development of nuclear weapons in secret. The Problem of Terrorism Terrorism seeks to disrupt or destroy targets through cowardly acts. Terrorists deploy acts such as assassinations, hijacking, and kidnapping to advance their political discourses (Miller 2013). Indeed, terrorism has risen to become a major global problem. Cases of suicidal bombing have been registered in Afghanistan, Iraq, African nations, and the US among other places. Terrorism takes different forms. However, their main purpose entails forcing regime changes in different nations. Terrorism is also acerbated against people who are opposed to s ome religious, cultural, political, and even racial ideologies. For instance, in 1972, Palestinian liberation organisation held Munich Olympics under siege in an attempt to compel the Israeli government to free some captured terrorists. However, the government failed to comply with their demand. They resorted to blowing up helicopters that were ferrying Israeli athletes to the extent of killing the entire team (Miller 2013). Overcoming Terrorism and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons through Deterrence In September 2001, terrorists hijacked a plane, which hit the twin towers. It killed about 3,000 Americans. Following the attacks, the US showed a greater interest in instilling democracy by using force. This concern is evidenced by the 2003 inversion of Iraq in which the US deployed massive force in certain regions in Iraq in an attempt to bring forth democracy, even though some of the areas posed no security threats to the US. Through the instillation of democratic regimes in countrie s that are led by terrorist groups, the US aims at enhancing deterrence. In fact, many nations in which the US has intervened to topple terrorist administration such as Afghanistan have relied on it (the US) and NATO forces to sustain their territorial integrity (Hautecouverture 2014). With this reliance, the global population rests assured that any potential security threat is well deterred. Currently, terrorism is becoming almost an imminent threat to any nation that is opposed to social, cultural, and political ideologies of intolerance or extremism. Hence, it is appropriate for nations to look for ways of ensuing they possess the capability to stop terrorist threats before such acts have been executed in their own soils. This claim suggests that the concept of deterrence remains important in the current and future policies of averting terrorism. One of the ways of reducing the possibility of terrorism rests on proper identification of potential sources of threats. Hence, while d eterring terrorism, nations need to identify people who pose the threat together with their origin. However, in the identification process, possibilities of stereotyping other people are inevitable. Conception of differences among people in a negative way based on nationality, gender, and race among other social and demographic differences attracts oversimplification of perceptions of the involved people. In fact, association of one group with some certain characteristics that are inferior or negative is not based on facts, but rather on misconceptions and prejudices. These misconceptions and prejudices about a particular group of people lead to their stereotyping. More interactively, from the perspective of socio-psychology, stereotyping involves, ‘the pictures that people have in their minds about other groups’ (Major et al. 1998, p.34). For instance, when persons encounter an individual of a certain nationality who successfully or unsuccessfully executes a terrorist attack, they may spread the news that all people who belong to such a country are all terrorists. The problem of stereotyping people of certain nationalities constitutes one of the biggest challenges of overcoming terrorism through deterrence. Generalisation hinders diversity integration as a major concern for international relations discourses. It leads to stigmatisation and discrimination (Gomez 2002). Positive stereotypes may also be harmful since they translate into limitation of people’s attitudes towards a group of others. This claim implies that people who are stereotyped presume that the beliefs that are held against their intergroup are justifiable from the basis of impressions of other people as opposed to out-group stereotypes. Indeed, there have been major problems in overcoming the belief that terrorists are of Arabic origin. There are also assumptions that terrorists are extreme Muslims (Vorauer, Main O’Connell 1998). However, the current wave of terrori sm, especially in Africa nullifies this negative perception since people from across the racial divide have been identified as terrorists. Without a clear understanding of how terrorists appear, behave, or reason, deterrence becomes an ineffective strategy for reducing economic and human life losses that are associated with it. Unlike terrorism, physical facilities are required in the production of nuclear weapons (Heuser 2007). This claim suggests that international community can track the location of the facilities. Consequently, any deterrence measure or policy can be developed targeting a specific nation or region. For instance, although Iran inspection that was conducted by France, Britain, IAEA, and Germany revealed that Iran had brought to a halt its nuclear weapon programme, the presence of the US military in its borders between 2003 and 2004 prompted reconsideration of the development of Iran’s nuclear capability (Riet 2013). Upon the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the EU3 agreement with the government of Iran to stop the exploration of nuclear weapons collapsed. Indeed, in 2009, Iran disclosed that it had a facility for uranium enrichment that was located at Fordow. This facility is protected such that it is less prone to missile destruction. IAEA immensely believes that the facility had been undergoing tremendous expansion and that uranium enrichment had already begun as from December 2011. With the ready but unused nuclear weapon capability, Iran might have confidence that it will have the ability to sustain its direct deterrence if the great nations attack it. For nations that seek to compel others not to engage in the proliferation of nuclear weapons, they regard Iran as having a specific location for nuclear plants. Hence, a deterrence policy that focuses only on the nation can be implemented. Conclusion Nuclear weapons and terrorism can lead to mass suffering of people across all nations. While deterrence can be an effective strategy t o prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons to rogue states, it fails to curtail international terrorism. Since the last decade, terrorism has become an act of violation of territorial integrity of nations by people from across the racial spectrum within and outside the American borders. Prevention of the proliferation of nuclear weapons through deterrence is possible since the source of the threat can be identified to a given nation such as the case of Iran. References Adsera, A Boix, C 2002, ‘Trade, democracy and the size of the public sector: The political underpinnings of openness’, International Organisation, vol. 56 no. 2, pp. 229–262. Freedman, L 2004, Deterrence, Polity Press, New York, NY. Gomez, A 2002, ‘If my group stereotypes others, others stereotype my group and we know: Concept, research lines and future perspectives of meta-stereotypes’, Revista de Psicologà ­a Social, vol. 17 no. 3, pp. 253-282. Hautecouverture, B 2014, NATO nee ds to be Prepared for the Possible Crises to Come. Web. Heuser, B 2007, ‘Beliefs, Cultures, Proliferation and Use of Nuclear Weapons’, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 23 no. 1, pp. 74-100. Litvintsev, G 2014, Russia – Iran: Questions of cultural interaction. Web. Major, B, Spencer, S, Schmader, T, Wolfe, C Crocker, J 1998, ‘Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: The role of psychological disengagement’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 24 no. 3, pp. 34-50. Miller, M 2013, The Foundations of Modern Terrorism: State, Society and the Dynamics of Political Violence, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Morgan, P 2003, Deterrence Now, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY. Morgenthau, H 2011, A Realist Theory of International Politics and Political Power, Norton, London. Nau, H 2008, Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, Ideas, Palgrave, New York, NY. Riet, R 2013, Moving Beyond th e Nuclear World to a Nuclear Weapon Free World. Web. Ross, R Feng, Z 2008, China’s Ascent: Power, Security, and the Future of International Politic, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Vorauer, D, Main, J O’Connell, B 1998, ‘How Do Individuals Expect to Be Viewed by Members of Lower Status Groups? Content and Implications of Meta-Stereotypes’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 75 no. 4, pp. 917-937. Waltz, K 2010, ‘Nuclear Myths and Political Realities’, The American Political Science Review, vol. 84 no. 3, pp. 731–746. This essay on Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to Rogue States and International Terrorists was written and submitted by user Jesse Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.